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SOCIETY
Approximately 14 million Americans — about 7.4 percent
of the adult population — meet the diagnostic criteria
for alcohol abuse or alcoholism.
More than one-half of American adults have
a close family member who has or has had alcoholism.
Research was conducted in 1998 to determine
the total cost attributable to the consequences of underage
drinking. The cost was more than $58 billion per year, based
on year 2000 dollars.
In 1992, the estimated productivity loss
for employees with past or current alcoholism was $66.7 billion.
Productivity losses were greatest for male employees who initiated
drinking before age 15.
In a survey of 18- to 24-year-old current
drinkers who failed to complete high school, nearly 60 percent
had begun to drink before age 16.
In 1999, the average American drank 32
gallons of beer compared to 51 gallons of soft drinks, 24 gallons
of milk, and 26 gallons of coffee.
Men who consume more than two alcoholic
drinks per day are at increased risk for cancer, cerebrovascular
disease, accidents, and violence.
Long-term, heavy alcohol use is the leading
cause of illness and death from liver disease in the U.S.
Alcohol is implicated in more than 100,000 deaths annually.
In 1996, about 2 million (38%) of the estimated
5.3 million convicted offenders under the jurisdiction of corrections’
agencies were drinking at the time of the offense.
THE FAMILY
Approximately one in four children is exposed to family alcoholism
or addiction, or alcohol abuse, some time before the age of
18.
Current research suggests children are less likely to drink
when their parents spend time and interact in a positive way
with them, and when they and their parents report feeling close
to each other.
Adolescents drink less and have fewer alcohol-related problems
when their parents discipline them consistently and set clear
expectations.
Children of alcoholics are significantly more likely to engage
in underage alcohol use and to develop addiction and other alcohol-use
disorders.
Parents' drinking behaviors and attitudes of acceptance about
drinking have been associated with adolescents' initiating and
continuing drinking.
Any drinking during pregnancy, even "social drinking,"
can put offspring at risk for learning and behavioral problems
during adolescence.
THE CHILD
Sixty-seven percent of eighth graders and 83 percent of tenth
graders believe that alcohol is readily available to them for
consumption.
Forty percent of ninth-grade students reported
having consumed alcohol before they were age 13. In contrast,
only 26.2 percent of ninth graders reported having smoked cigarettes,
and 11.6 percent reported having used marijuana before they
were age 13.
Forty-one percent of ninth-grade students
reported drinking in the past month, while only 24 percent reported
smoking in the past month.
One-fifth of eighth graders and 42 percent of tenth graders
have been drunk at least once.
Almost one-fourth of ninth graders reported
binge drinking (having had five or more drinks on one occasion)
in the past month.
Rates of drinking differ among racial and ethnic minority groups.
Among students in grades 9 to 12, binge drinking was reported
by 34 percent non-Hispanic white students, 11 percent of African
American students, and 30 percent of Hispanic students.
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The
gap between alcohol use by boys and girls has closed. Among
ninth graders, girls consume alcohol and binge drink at rates
almost equal to boys.
More than 40 percent of individuals who
start drinking before the age of 13 will develop alcohol abuse
or alcohol dependence at some point in their lives.
If drinking is delayed until age 21, a
child's risk of serious alcohol problems is decreased by 70
percent.
THE SCHOOL
Evidence suggests that alcohol use by peers is a strong predictor
of adolescent use of alcohol.
According to a 1995 national survey of
fourth through sixth graders who read the Weekly Reader, 30
percent of students reported that they received "a lot"
of pressure from their classmates to drink beer.
According to this same 1995 Weekly Reader
survey, more than half (54%) of fourth through sixth graders
reported learning about the dangers of illicit drugs at school,
but fewer than a third (30%) learned about the dangers of drinking
and smoking at school.
Among eighth graders, students with higher
grade point averages reported less alcohol use in the past month.
Research indicates that adolescents who
use alcohol may remember 10 percent less of what they have learned
than those who don’t drink.
Among eighth graders, higher truancy rates
were associated with greater rates of alcohol use in the past
month.
One national study found that students
are less likely to use alcohol if they are socially accepted
by people at school, and feel that teachers treat students fairly.
In a survey of seventh- through twelfth-grade
teachers, 76 percent felt that underage student drinking was
a serious or somewhat serious problem. THE COMMUNITY
An overwhelming number of Americans (96%) are concerned about
underage drinking; and a majority support measures that would
help reduce teen drinking, such as stricter controls on alcohol
sales, advertising, and promotion.
Recent advertising expenditures in the United States for beer,
wine, and liquor combined ($1.4 billion) totaled about 20 times
the amount spent on milk ads ($70.5 million). A total of $910.4
million was spent on beer ads, $135.2 million on wine ads, and
$377 million on liquor ads.
A study of fifth- and sixth-grade students
found that those who demonstrated an awareness of beer ads also
held more favorable beliefs about drinking and intended to drink
more frequently when they grew up.
One study of Midwestern States found that 46 percent of ninth
graders who reported drinking alcohol in the previous month
said they obtained the alcohol from a person aged 21 or older.
In a study conducted in 38 States and the
District of Columbia, areas with greater numbers of drinking
establishments had higher rates of alcoholism.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
estimates that the 21-year-old minimum drinking age laws have
saved 21,887 lives since the mid-1970s.
Among drivers aged 15-20, fatal crashes
involving a single vehicle at night are three times more likely
than other fatal crashes to be alcohol-related.
For more information on drugs and
alcohol contact the TAADAS Statewide Clearinghouse at 1800
Church Street, Suite 100 Nashville, TN 37203 or call the TN REDLINE
at 1-800-889-9789. The Clearinghouse is funded in part by the TN Dept. of Health.
Source: Leadership to Keep Children Alcohol
Free, http://www.alcoholfreechildren.org, individual sources
listed on site.
Revised 04/04
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